Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ethics in agriculture and ethics of agriculture. Ethics in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ethics of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding Agricultural ethics. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical framework to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the Agricultural sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

A pretty lot of studies has been done to analyze farmers decisions considering the effect of Risk. In these studies, different methods such as MOTAD, Target- MOTAD, - Separable linear programming, Mean – variane, focus - loss, etc.have been used. In this research MOTAD have been used. The used datas are related to Arsanjan Agricultural district from 1378 to 1383 that is during 6 years. The results state that as the Risk coefficient parameter alters, the planting combination, while the gross profit and Risk are invariabled, alters too , corns and tomatos are the products most effected by the change of the coefficient.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the Agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of Agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic Agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic Agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable Agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable Agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

فلزات سنگین از مناسب ترین شاخص ها برای بررسی آلودگی منابع خاک و آب هستند و به دلیل پایداری درازمدت در محیط زیست می باشند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی آلودگی فلزات سنگین در خاک کاربری های جنگل، مرتع، کشاورزی و مسکونی در آبخیز واز است. سپس با استفاده از نتایج غلظت فلزات کروم، منگنز، آهن، نیکل، مس، روی، آرسنیک، کادمیم، جیوه و سرب و با استفاده از شاخص های عامل آلودگی، درجه آلودگی، درجه آلودگی اصلاح شده، زمین انباشت، شاخص غنی سازی و خطر اکولوژیک کیفیت رسوب در کاربری های مختلف بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربری شهری هم از نظر عامل آلودگی و هم از نظر شاخص تجمع زمینی دارای بیش ترین مقدار است و کاربری های کشاورزی، جنگل و مرتع به ترتیب در رتبه های بعدی قرار دارند. از نظر درجه آلودگی کاربری مرتع آلودگی بسیار کم، کاربری های جنگل و کشاورزی آلودگی متوسط دارند و کاربری مسکونی دارای آلودگی زیاد است. از طرفی شاخص درجه آلودگی اصلاح شده نشان داد که کاربری جنگل، مرتع و کشاورزی دارای آلودگی بسیار کم و کاربری مسکونی دارای آلودگی کم است. در حوزه آبخیز واز کاربری مرتع و تا حد زیادی کاربری جنگل از نظر شاخص های آلودگی دارای مقادیر پایینی بودند اما به دلیل حضور دام در مراتع این منطقه و همچنین توریستی بودن جنگل های این حوضه احتمال آلوده شدن خاک این کاربری ها در آینده وجود دارد. با توجه به اینکه این حوضه یکی از ورودی های دریای خزر در شمال کشور است، بنابراین نیاز است که اقدامات حفاظتی لازم برای منابع آب و خاک در حوضه مورد نظر انجام گردد.

The world is embroiled in a pandemic of a new coronavirus at the end of 2019 and early in 2020, with such a large scale that it has severely involved the political, economic, and social systems in most countries around the world. The scale of the crisis is so widespread that many experts believe that the post-corona world will be substantially different from the pre-corona world. In the face of this massive epidemic, how people perceive Risk and how to Risk is communicated, plays a central role in deciding and choosing people's behavior. Fighting with this emerging phenomenon requires mobilizing all the possibilities of society and helping all people in the field of empathy and altruism. In this article, we briefly review aspects of the important concept of Risk perception and communication in this pervasive crisis.

Agriculture is a Risky activity. There are a number of natural, social, economic and mandatory factors which create an uncertain environment for farmers. Governments design policies and programs for supporting farmers and Agricultural producers.Revenue Insurance (RI) is a new program which deals with both price and yield Risks. This paper has tried to review the theory of RI and then to compare RI with price and yield insurance programs.Using price and yield data for wheat, barley, chickpea, and onion in Fars, Kermanshah and East Azerbaijan provinces for 1983-2002, to test the possible application of RI, it is showed that onion in East Azerbaijan, chickpea in Kermanshah and wheat in Fars are the best products for being consider in RI program. The results also indicate that rainfed and irrigated onion, chickpea, wheat, and barley, are the most suitable products to apply RI program at national level.

Background: Nitrate content is one of the most critical factors to determine the quality of vegetables, and its permissible limits in food chain is important to the human health. Due to the harmful effects of nitrate, many studies have been conducted on its accumulation in crops in recent years. This study assessed the nitrate concentrations in some edible vegetables and the associated health Risks. Methods: In this descriptive study, raw Agricultural produce, such as leafy vegetables, tubers, cucurbits, kitchen produce and edible grains were collected in the winter and summer. The samples were then transferred to a laboratory by maintaining the temperature-controlled supply chain. After preparing the samples, the nitrate content was determined in each, using an Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometric (UV/Vis) unit. The data were analyzed statistically on SPSS v. 26. Results: The mean nitrate contents in leafy and kitchen produce, grains, and tuber vegetables were approximately 130, 48, 101, and 61ppm, respectively. The average nitrate content in the winter was around 38ppm and in the summer about 44 ppm. The highest nitrate content was documented in spinach (1100. 15 ppm) and the lowest in tomatos (20. 97 ppm). Conclusion: The results indicated that the highest nitrate content was found in leafy produce grown in northern Iran. The highest health Risk for non-carcinogenic conditions was likely to be linked to the consumption of spinach and other edible vegetables, wheat, rice, and potatoes.

2The study's objective is to investigate farmers' satisfaction with the quality of services provided by Agricultural insurance companies in Kermanshah province. It utilized a descriptive survey research method, with the statistical population being agriculture, horticulture, and livestock insurers in Kermanshah Province, numbering 18,391 individuals. The study employed a multi-stage sampling technique to select 377 participants. Data was collected through a researcher-generated questionnaire designed to measure satisfaction levels across five dimensions - tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, consisting of 27 items.The research revealed that policyholders mainly acquired their insurance information from insurance companies, Agricultural jihad organizations, friends, and acquaintances, with radio, rural cooperatives, and promotional publications playing a less significant role in providing insurance-related information. Brokers selected by insurance companies were ranked lowest among insurance information sources by policyholders. The study determined that insurers' overall satisfaction levels were moderate, with higher dissatisfaction in terms of facilities and equipment, and lower dissatisfaction with confidence.Furthermore, the research findings showed significant differences in satisfaction levels based on the type of insured product. Farmers and gardeners had different satisfaction levels compared to ranchers. These results suggest potential ways for improvement in the quality of insurance services by Agricultural insurance agents based on the identified dimensions. It is important for insurance providers to use the research outcomes to enhance service quality, ultimately benefitting the farmers in the region.

In many countries, studies to determine the severity of desertification and providing land plans to implement desertification. One of the models is modified MEDALUS or Iranian model (IMDPA), has been used in present research in order to investigate desertification situation in the Tashk region of Fars province. In this research, the modified IMDPA model used with emphasis on the water, soil and Agricultural indexes, and indicators for each criterion has been considered in different value. The qualitative values of desertification indexes placed in four classes as, low, moderate sever and very sever. Among evaluated indexes, Irrigation system and drop level of groundwater have the most effects on desertification with numerical values 4 and 3.7 respectively. In the other indexes, crop yield and SAR of water have the lowest effects on regional desertification with numerical value 1 and 1.5 reactively. Analysis of result showed that the intensity of desertification obtained 2.54 on the entire of region based on 3 indexes and in the base of modified IMDPA model, the regional desertification intensity came to get medium.